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 Technical Manual - PE/PX/PXL/TEV Series
5. Characteristics of Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Battery

5.1 Residual Capacity Estimation
For Lead-Acid Battery,we can evaluate remaining capacity according to electrolyte gravity, but for valve regulated lead-acid battery,the electrolyte gravity cannot be checked because it was sealed by safety valves . By checking the OCV (24 hours after charge or 10 minutes after discharge) the remaining capacity can be estimated (Fig. 5).

Fig5. OCV and Remaining Capacity

 
5.2 Discharge Characteristics
  1. Capacity and Discharge
    Battery capacity is expressed by how many hours (H) a battery will last with how many amps (A). It varies with discharge current (A), more specifically, rate of discharge. The Fig.6 & 7 are discharge characteristics demonstrated by batteries of 0.05CA~3CA(PX, TPH, PXL, TEV Series to 6CA). Here C stands for nominal capacity value (capacity shown on battery label),and CA stands for discharge current .
    Take 12V, 7.2Ah battery as an example:
    (i.e.)0.05CA=0.05×7.2=0.36A 3CA=3×7.2=21.6A
    Discharge current increases as battery capacity decreases; this is because the electrolyte diffusion cannot keep
    up with the reaction speed.


  2. Ambient Temperature and Capacity
    The electrolyte diffusion is also affected by ambient temperature. In other words, the electrolyte diffusion rate decreases when ambient temperature lowers. Fig 8 & 9 are shown the relationship.


  3. Max. Discharge Current The lead acid batteries of PE/PX/TPH/PXL series are designed to discharge at 15CA for 5 seconds, and 6CA for continuous discharging. But when using connecting wire & terminal, max discharge current is limited as shown in table 2
Table 2 Max Discharge Current Allowed
Table 3 The Final Discharge Voltage at Various Currents
* C stands for nominal capacity.
* The voltage in Table 5 means voltage per cells. Final voltage is determined by multiplying cell number by voltage.
4.
Final Discharge Voltage
Battery should never be discharged to less than pre-determined final discharge voltage (Table 6). Otherwise, internal chemical combination is damaged; then chemical reaction and battery capacity will be decreased. Table 6 shows the lowest final discharge voltage at various currents.
 
Fig6. Discharge Characteristics (PE)
Fig7. Discharge Characteristics (PX/TPH/PXL)
Fig8. Temperature Effects in Relation to Battery Capacity (PE)
Fig9. Temperature Effects in Relation to Battery Capacity (PX/TPH/PXL)
 
5.3 Charging Characteristics
The constant voltage charge method is recommended to charge our battery for both of standby use (trickle charge or float charge) and cycle use. Standby use is for emergency power supply, to keep battery fully charged at all times. Adopt lower charging voltage to prevent over charging. Meanwhile, cycle use requires charging to be completed in shorter period of time with higher charging voltage. For each specific charging term, please refer to the general charging characteristics of standby use and cycle use are shown in Fig. 10.
Fig10. Constant Voltage Charge Characteristics (PE/PX/TPH/PXL)
1)StandyUse
2) Cycle Use
 
5.4 Storage Characteristics
Self-discharge is a phenomenon in batteries in which internal chemical reactions will reduce the stored charge without any connection between the electrodes.
The metal, which would accelerate self-discharge, cannot be used for the grid alloy. Even after long storage or intermittent use, sulfuric lead will not crystallize easily. This is special characteristic of “PORTALAC” Series.
  1. Self-Discharge Rate and Temperature
    In storage for 6 months under fully charged condition, the average daily self discharge rate is about 0.1%(25℃),which is apparently about 1/3~1/4 of normal lead-acid batteries .
    Self-discharge rate is greatly influenced by temperature. Daily self-discharge volume in relation to temperature is shown as Fig. 11. Furthermore, relationship between storage time under different temperatures and remaining capacity is shown as Fig. 12.


  2. Storage Temperatures and Residual Capacity
    “PORTALAC” Series as the above-mentioned can withstand long- term storage. However, if stored for too long, even charging cannot restore the capacity completely. Storage period in relation to temperature is shown as Fig. 13
    .
Fig11. Ambient Temperature and Self Discharge Rate (PE/PX/TPH/PXL)
Fig12. Storage Period & Capacity (PE/PX/TPH/PXL)
Fig13. Storage Period & Temperature
 
5.5 Life Characteristics
A battery will gradually deteriorate and lose capacity until it cannot hold a usage anymore, it will not restore completely even charged again.
(Definition of life end:VRLA battery capacity decrease to 1/2 of preliminary capacity.)
  1. Cycle Use Life Characteristics
    (a) The Effect of Depth of Discharge
    Fig. 14 & 15 shows the life characteristics of different discharge depths in cycle use. The deeper the battery is discharged, the fewer life cycles. As a result use a larger capacity battery is more advantageous to battery life under the same load.

    (b) The Affect of Over Discharging
    In cycle use, over charge will cause corrosion of positive grid and loss of premature capacity. When the battery is charged to 105~110% of discharging volume shall stop charging process with timer, do not continue to charge the battery.

  2. Life Characteristics of Standby Use
    The normal standby use life characteristics of PORTALAC Series are shown in Fig. 16 & 17. The standby use life will vary with ambient temperature, discharge current, discharge cycle, discharge voltage and storage time.

    (a) How Ambient Temperature Affects Life
    High ambient temperature will cause corrosion of positive grids, vaporized water will pass through container and cause internal resistance to increase as well as shorten battery life. So we shall watch out ambient temperature. Ambient temperature in relation to life is shown in Fig. 16 & 17.

    (b) How Discharge Current Affects Life
    Standby use battery life will vary with load current. Load current up to 0.25~3CA will affect battery life as shown in Fig.18. Please fully understand the system you use relates to load current and life.

    (c) How Discharge Voltage Affects Life
    Charging voltage relates to life as shown in Fig.19 & 20. Voltage was set to 2.25~2.30V/cell, the higher voltage causes larger charging current. This will speed up corrosion of positive grid and shorten life. But lower voltage will lead to insufficient charging.

    (d) How Discharge Frequency Affects Life
    Normally, the life expectancy of standby use is based on 10 discharges/year. If discharge times are more than 10, life will be affected as shown in Fig.21.

    (e) How Storage Affects Life
    If storage time is too long, the battery will not have a 100% life. The relationship is shown in Fig. 22.


5.6 Anti Over Discharge Characteristics
For this series batteries, there are technics applied regarding over discharging, compare with other lead-acid batteries, our products have better anti-over charging characteristics. If electrodes are connected continuously for 24 hrs with constant resistance short circuit, the characteristics of storage for 1 month with OCV condition shown in Fig. 23.
Fig14 Cycle Life Characteristics (PE/PX/TPH)
Fig15 Cycle Life Characteristics (PXL)
Fig.16 Standby use Life Expectancy(PE/PX/TPH)
Fig.17 Standby use Life Expectancy(PXL)
Fig.18 Discharge Rate & Life(PE/PX/TPH/PXL)
Fig.19 Charge Voltage & Life(PE/PX/TPH)
Fig. 20 Charge Voltage & Life (PXL)
Fig. 21 The Life Influences by Discharge Times(PE/PX/TPH/PXL)
Fig. 22 Storage Time & Life
Fig. 23 Over Discharge Storage Time & Discharge Capacity
 
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